GUILLAUME DE L'ISLE and his 32,5cm. celestial globe.

To our knowledge, the only known example of this 12-inch (32,5cm.) celestial library globe, published by "one of the foremost cartographers of the age (Shirley), here in its scarce first address "Rue des Canettes" and dated 1700.

Made up of two sets of twelve finely engraved and hand-colored gores and two polar calottes (70°) laid to the ecliptic poles of a papier-maché and plaster sphere, the axis through the celestial poles. Brass meridian circle, graduated on one face, brass meridian hour circle and pointer.
It is decorated with constellation figures, backgrounds in green, and constellation figures heightened in red and pale colours.
The northern and southern constellations comprise some additions to the Ptolemaic group, while those of the zodiac are the conventional ones. The engraver is not mentioned but was most probably Charles Simmoneau, a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences. Also Claude Auguste Berey (fl. 1689-1722) has worked for De L'Isle.

Title in a cartouche : GLOBE CELESTE Calcule pour l´an 1700 sur les observations les plus ... P. G. de l´Isle cartographe".
With address "A Paris chez l´auteur rue des Canettes Faubourg St. Germain prés de St. Sulpice Avec Privilege du Roy pour 20 ans. 1700".
With a dedication "A SON ALTESSE ROYALE MONSEGNIEUR LE DUC DE CHARTRES par son très humble et très obéissant serviteur De l'Isle."
The title of duc de Chartres was given by Louis XIV of France to his nephew, Philippe II d'Orléans, at his birth in 1674. Philippe II was the younger son and heir of the king's brother, Philippe de France, Duke of Orléans.

The horizon ring graduated in individual days of the houses of the Zodiac, with sigils and labelled every ten days. With a facsimilé horizon ring. It could well be that a printed horizon ring was not yet available at that early date.

The globe is mounted on a tall French ebonized oak stand, papered horizon ring supported by four turned legs united by plain stretchers supporting the base plate and central pillars. Height 52 cm. One leg with a repaired crack, but nothing missing. The globe surface with the usual repairs and some minor areas restored or drawn in.

Recorded examples of his celestial globe
Two examples of the 1700 dated celestial globe are recorded in :
- The Museo Galileo in Florence, Italy. (Medici collections, inv 974; donated by Grand Duke Peter Leopold to the Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale of Florence at its foundation in 1775.) however bearing the later address "Quai de l'Horloge".
- A pair sold at Christies, sale 5586, lot 147, 25 June 1997. The catalog description unfortunataly does not mention the address.

Recorded examples of his terrestrial globe.
A handful 1700 dated terrestrial globes are known but as far as we could research they all bear the later "Quai de l'Horloge" address.
- National Maritime Museum of Greenwich (GLB0146) bears the address "Quai de l'Horloge".
- Terrestrial printed globe gores in BNF, formerly at the Bibliothèque au Service hydrographic de la Marine, have "Quai de l'Horloge" and show clear treasure in the address.
- Arader Sale, New York 24 January 2015, lot 119, dated 1700, with "le quai de l'Horloge" address. Previously sold at Christies 7 December 2009. - Musée national du château de Versailles, France. The catalog description (Nº d'inventaire: VMB 14751.1), with "Quai de l'Horloge a la Couronne".
- Stevenson mentions a terrestrial globe dated 1700 in the Real Biblioteca of Madrid. Publisher's address unknown.
Stevenson does not makes mention of a celestial, nor terrestrial globe with the "Rue de Canettes" address in his book, Terrestrial and celestial globes, volume 2.

Guillaume De L'Isle (Paris, 1675 -1726 )
was one of the most important cartographers of the early 18th century in France and removed the celestial errors that were copied from Ptolemy, and created a new and accurate celestial globe.

De L'Isle was the son of Marie Malaine and Claude De L'Isle (1644-1720), who later remarried Charlotte Millet de la Croyère after his first wife died following childbirth. It is possible that the couple had as many as 12 children, but many of them died at a young age.
Although Claude De L'Isle had studied law, he also studied geography and history under Nicolas Sanson. He taught history and geography and had such a good reputation in Paris’ intellectual circles that he educated lords, among them was the duke Philippe d’Orléans who later became regent for the crown of France.
Guillaume and his two of half-brothers, Joseph Nicolas and Louis, ended up pursuing similar careers in science.

While Claude certainly has to be given credit for Guillaume’s education, the latter showed early signs of being an exceptional talent. He would soon contribute to the family workshop by drawing maps for his father’s historical works.
In order to perfect his skills, Guillaume De L'Isle became the student of the astronomer Jean-Dominique Cassini, who was the director of the Paris Observatory.
Early on, he produced high-quality maps, the first of which was a manuscript map, "Carte de la Nouvelle-France et des Pays Voisins," in 1696. As Guillaume was only twentyone years old in 1696, it is likely that his father, Claude, also a cartographer, influenced this map.

In the year 1700, when he was but twenty-five years of age, there appeared under his name a world map and likewise maps of the several continents and he issued the first edition of his globes, those having a diameter of about 32,5 cm. and those having a diameter of 15 cm.
These works appears to have established his reputation. In the year 1702 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences, not as a geographer -this department was not established until the year 1730- but as an astronomer under Jean-Dominique Cassini. In fact, he had received a joint training: one type with his father Claude, the historian/geographer for whom he prepared maps and globes, and another with Jean-Dominique Cassini, who taught him astronomy.
It was necessarily the latter who persuaded him to use the figures of latitude and longitude set out by the Académie des Sciences, to compile documents which would renew French cartography.
When he became a member of the Académie Royale des Scienes, he signed his maps with the title of "Géographe de l’Académie". Five years later, he moved to the Quai de l’Horloge in Paris, a true publishing hub where his business prospered. De L'Isle’s ascension through the ranks culminated in 1718 when he received the title of "Premier Géographe du Roi".
His new office consisted in teaching geography to the Dauphin, King Louis XIV’s son, a task for which he received a salary.

Rue des Canettes
Guillaume De L’Isle’s first printing shop was established on the "Rue des Canettes pres de St. Sulpice" in Paris. This address appears only on editions of maps dated 1700-1707. This celestial globe dated 1700 is one of the few examples of maps and globes who were printed at the "Rue des Canettes" shop. Most examples of his work were issued from the address where De L’Isle moved in 1707, the "Quai de L’Horloge".
A map of Piedmont dated 1707 informs us that by that date De L'Isle had moved to the "Quai de l'Horloge à la Couronne de Diamans". The latest date on a map found bearing this address is January 1708.
In early 1708 De L'Isle changed the sign over the shop to "à l'Aigle d'Or", the golden eagle.
In 1718 he ads his newly received title "Premier Geographe du Roy" to his address.

Map bearing the Rue des Canettes address are the most desireable of De L’Isle’s works and are extremely rare. This is appearently the only known example of a globe with the "Rue de Canettes" address.


Quai de l’Horloge
France was leading at the turn of the seventeenth century in the field of geographical and astronomical science, a fact in part due to the generous subsidy allowed by royalty.
Many of the agents of cartography, including those involved in the creation, production and distribution of maps in Paris lived in the same section of the capital city. Booksellers congregated along rue St-Jacques along the left bank of the Seine, while engravers and cartographers lived along the Quai de l’Horloge on the Île de la Cité.
Regulations enacted by the communautés informed the location of the libraries. These regulations included that each bookseller-printer was to have one shop, which had to be located in the University quarter or on the quai de l’Horloge. These restrictions provided by easier inspection by the authorities to enforce other regulations such as: printer need to register the number of presses they owned and any books that were printed had to be registered and approved by the royal court before it could be sold.

Interesting reading :
- Stevenson Terrestrial and celestial globes, volume 2.
- Dekker / van der Kroght , Globes from the Western World , pp. 70-73 . (For the terrestrial globe)
- "Les Nouvelles donations : huit musées se partagent cinquante objets précieux légués par un antiquaire français, don César de Haucke", Connaissance des Arts, n° 187, septembre 1967.
- "Splendors of Versailles", Jackson, Mississipi, 1998, n° 91.
- "Couleurs de la terre : des mappemondes médiévales aux images satellitales", Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 8 octobre 1998-10 janvier 1999, p. 98-99 et 172.
- "Louis XIV, le Roi-Soleil ; trésors du château de Versailles", Pékin, Cité interdite, avril-juillet 2005, Musée de Shangaï, août-octobre 2005, cat. n°83, repr. p. 216.
- "Sciences et curiosités à la Cour de Versailles", château de Versailles, 26 octobre 2010-27 février 2011, p. 178 et 269.